tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35856631406437676022024-02-08T12:51:17.201-08:00College acceptance essaysResearch Paper Topic About CriminologyAriadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-46201975100721230862020-08-24T23:44:00.001-07:002020-08-24T23:44:03.385-07:00A Brief Analysis of William Blakes The Fly Essay Example For StudentsA Brief Analysis of William Blakes The Fly Essay The Fly by William Blake has a free structure, and uses a trimester rhyme conspire. The reason for utilizing trimester is for the short lines to represent the quickness of life. The first of the five refrains portrays an honest fly being negligently executed by a person. The second looks at a man to a fly and a fly to a man. The third and fourth clarify how flies and people are comparative, and the fifth attests that man is for sure like a fly. Passing is over and again alluded to as a hand. The fly is executed by being brushed away by the people neglectful hand. The human is murdered by the visually impaired hand of death. Blake utilizes the method of Juxtaposition of the fly and the speaker. The human considers the to be as feeble, and afterward understands that people could be found in a similar way by a higher request. He says he is destined to carry on with his life Till some visually impaired hand/Shall brush my wing, contrasting his demise with that of the fly. The iris refrain utilizes the symbolism of the human put in a God-like position when he slaughters the fly. At the point when the human talking from the perspective of a human, the fly represents those beneath the speaker in the public arena. The topic of The Fly is keeps an eye on extraordinary shortcoming in contrast with God/demise/destiny. The sonnet likewise utilizes a typical topic of Flakes: honesty and experience. The fly is absolutely blameless and frail. The speaker understands that individuals are frail similarly, and this passes him into the domain of experience. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-8313087263085138472020-08-22T02:32:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:32:16.127-07:00A Look at Kinesthetic Learners and MethodsA Look at Kinesthetic Learners and Methods A Look at Kinesthetic Learners: Sensation students ordinarily learn best by doing. They are normally acceptable at physical exercises like games and move. They appreciate learning through hands-on techniques. They regularly like how-to aides and activity experience stories. They may pace while on the telephone or take parts from concentrating to get up and move around. Some may appear to be uneasy, making some hard memories sitting still in class. Key Learning Methods: Sensation students learn best through doing including controlling things, reenactments and pretends, and different techniques for introducing topic that truly include them in the learning procedure. They appreciate and gain well from testing and direct understanding. Further, they learn best when exercises are changed during a class period. Approaches to Adapt Lessons: Differ guidance from everyday as well as inside a solitary class period. Give understudies the same number of chances as your educational program warrants to finish hands-on work. Permit understudies to pretend to increase further comprehension of key ideas. Give understudies the chance to work in little conversation bunches as they study materials. In the event that conceivable, plan a field trip that can help strengthen key ideas. Permit understudies to extend incompletely through the class on the off chance that they appear to get eager. Other Learning Styles: Visual Learners Sound-related Learners Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-41715381382583531802020-07-25T23:13:00.001-07:002020-07-25T23:13:02.591-07:00Give Me Some Credit The History of Modern Credit CardsGive Me Some Credit The History of Modern Credit Cards Give Me Some Credit: The History of Modern Credit Cards (1 of 3) Give Me Some Credit: The History of Modern Credit Cards (1 of 3)Credit and credit cards have become a part of everyday life for most Americans. Odds are you have one in your wallet right now. We use them for daily purchases as well as big ticket items without thinking twice. But be careful, think about it too little and you can wind up with bad credit which can make it difficult to get a loan, or purchase a home, or vehicle.So what is credit anyway? If youre in need of a bad credit loan, our look at the history of credit cards may be of great interest to you.The origin of creditThe concept of exchanging goods using credit has been around since at least the late 1800s. In those days, people would use what was referred to as credit coins and charge plates as forms of credit. In the early 1900s, companies began offering self-issued cards for purchases only made at their establishments in an effort to increase customer loyalty.1946 saw the release of the first bank card, referred to as C harg-It, created by banker John Biggins. When you made a purchase using a Charg-It card, the bank would foot the bill and then obtain payment from you afterwards. The catch was that it only worked for local purchases, and you had to have an account with Biggins Bank.[1] The type of credit card we use today didnt come around until a few years later.Modern credit cardsThere are several different versions of the story of the invention of modern credit cards. What is certain is that it started with a businessman named Frank McNamara. Its said that he was having dinner in a New York City restaurant with friends and when the bill came he realized he didnt have any cash. At this time, cash was the only way to pay. Some sources say he had to call his wife to bring him money, while others say he avoided washing dishes by signing his name and promising the restaurant he would pay them back for his meal. Either way, he decided there was probably a better way.McNamara went on to create the firs t American credit card company, the Diners Club. He founded the company in 1950. The company focused on allowing restaurant patrons to sign for their meal and pay for it later. When it began, the Diners Club had 27 participating restaurants and 200 members.It wasnt hard for McNamara to start making money once the club was established. Each member was charged a $3 annual fee for participation, while each restaurant was charged a 7% fee on all purchases. Needless to say, the cards became very popular with diners, and McNamara saw membership reach 20,000 in the first year. In its second year, the Diners Club made about $60,000 and began expanding to Canada, France, and Cuba.[2] Its really no surprise that people enjoyed having the freedom to make purchases without being charged right away.In 1958, American Express threw its hat into the ring by issuing the first plastic credit card (prior to this they were made of cardboard or celluloid) exclusively for travel and entertainment purpose s. In 1959, consumers saw the introduction of the revolving balance. This meant cardholders were no longer required to pay their bill in full at the end of each month. It gave consumers more flexibility, but also made it easier to end up in debt, much like the system we have today.[1]All of this led to the creation of the general purpose credit card which did not carry the limitations of only covering restaurant or entertainment purchases. American Express, Cart Blanche, and Bank of America all issued these types of cards. Bank of America then released the first nationally franchised card known as the BankAmericard, which would later become Visa.From that point, credit card use continued to grow. Over 75% of Americans today have at least one credit card, and as of 2012 credit card purchases in the US totaled 26.2 billion dollars.[2] While it might make life easier in certain situations, theres also much to be wary of in the world of credit cards. To learn more about the risks and re wards of credit card use, how to improve bad credit, and secure bad credit loans, check out the other parts in our Give Me Some Credit series:Give Me Some Credit: The Risks and Rewards (2 of 3)Give Me Some Credit: Line of Credit VS Credit Card (3 of 3)References Gerson, Emily Starbuck Woolsey, Ben The History of Credit Cards Accessed July 21, 2016. ConsumerFinance.gov Schmalbruch, Sarah The credit card was invented by a man who forgot his wallet at dinner March 2, 2015. Accessed July 21, 2016. BusinessInsider.com Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-4163391790294294942020-05-22T09:26:00.001-07:002020-05-22T09:26:03.407-07:00It s A Calm Place Essay - 1404 Words Itââ¬â¢s a calm place. Few people live here. It is the place where someone feels free, relaxed and comfy. In the night the stars appear. Millions of brilliant stars can be seen in the blacky sky. The most amazing thing you can do is to sit and watch these twinkling jewels. You can also watch the moon in its different shapes. To describe in words what your eyes can see is certainly a challenge. In the morning you feel amazed at the colorful flowers, flying birds and butterflies, green trees and the shiny sun. This place is called ââ¬Å"paradiseâ⬠. In ââ¬Å"paradiseâ⬠you can walk, swim, play and do so many other things. By going there you can see and meet lovely birds, kids, married couples and ââ¬Å"given upâ⬠people. ââ¬Å"Paradiseâ⬠is the only hope for them. The place is popular with its writers, engineers, pioneers and artists. It is heaven on earth. It has so many wonderful sites. A young beautiful widow lives in this ââ¬Å"paradiseâ⬠with her son. She is the most beautiful lady in that place. Her name is Rose and she is stunning like a rose. She is in her 30ââ¬â¢s. Her hair is midnight-black and it flows over her shoulders. She has rapture-blue eyes, slender eyebrows, a dainty nose, honey sweet lips, sea-nymph ears and halo-white teeth. She is wasp-waisted. Her fingernails are varnished. She has a soothing voice. She is a mother for one child. Her husband, Johnny is dead from a car accident. Rose and her son live in a very small house. When Johnny was still alive they used to live in a palace withShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech About Pet Dog1150 Words à |à 5 Pagestheir walk with their pup instead of enjoy it. So why not train your pup to stroll by your side without pulling and yanking the minute you walk outside. You should be enjoying every walk with no trouble! Make good sense? And the terrific thing is it s not made to be a complex thing! As with many things worth mastering, it can take a little time.. 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Such strategies include; Naughty chair, speaking (feeling and emotion), 2 warnings, these are all sanctions, which are implemented in home and schools, such as the 3 warnings. When the children/child has done the sanction appropriate for the behaviour a reward should be put in place, such as a reward chart, meaningRead MoreAnalysis of 7 OClock News/Silent Night by Simon and Garfunkel651 Words à |à 3 PagesAnalysis of 7 OClock News/Silent Night by Simon and Garfunkel In expressive arts we are studing the topics the 60ââ¬â¢s. We listened to the song ââ¬Å"7 Oclock News/Silent Nightâ⬠Simon and Garfunkel. In 1956, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were juniors at Forest Hills High School in New York City. They began playing together as a group called Tom and Jerry, with Simon as Jerry Landis and Garfunkel as Tom Graph, so called because he always liked to track hits on the pop chartsRead MoreEssay about ART HISTORY 102761 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿ Color VS. 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Classical radio stations are the perfect place to enjoy the musicRead MoreSafety Or Opportunity? By Donald Trump1715 Words à |à 7 PagesIn fact there are more than 11.7 million Mexican immigrants in the United States (ââ¬Å"Mexican Immigrants in the United Statesâ⬠, 2016) who are potentially faced with this question. With this prominent concern, a plethora of news articles such as: ââ¬Å"Stay Calmâ⬠Mexico Tells Immigrants Living in the US an article informing the audience of the actions taken by the United States and Mexican government, America or Mexico? An Agonizing Decision, a personal anecdote of an American-Mexican family, and Mexico isRead MoreThe Rain Of The Snow1467 Words à |à 6 Pagespeople or animals. The absence of life brings about sadness, but it also brings tranquility and peace. There is no conflict in this image, there is nothing in this image except the snow. The image wants to take away my happiness and replace it with a calm, co ld, emptiness. The cement is wet and slick. The trees are also dripping from the rain. The water reflects from the light of the lamppost in the trees and the ground. The lampposts are the main source of light in the dark scene. The sky is a darkRead MoreAnalysis of St. Mark: Chapter 4:35-41 and insight on the authour Mark.801 Words à |à 3 Pagesministries. His job would most likely be the equivalent to a multilingual personal assistant in today s business world. Mark recorded Peter s recollections and was striving for accuracy, but not necessarily for strict chronological narrative order (Elwell 88). Theologians estimate that the Gospel of Mark was composed approximately between the mid 40 s to early 60 s. Rome is thought to be the place of origination for this Gospel. This being so, the audience is most likely to be composed of GentilesRead MoreHealth and social care Unit 1 M3853 Words à |à 4 Pagesinteraction that took place in various sectors such one to one interaction, group interaction and how effective these skills and other elements in the health and social care setting such as the environment was being demonstrated. To demonstrate effective communicational skills one must use one to one interaction for example to communicate. This was done through acting skills such as hand gestures that can be used as a stimulus or signal to the other person to listen or to calm down. For example if Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-35061657107997245972020-05-08T13:22:00.001-07:002020-05-08T13:22:03.127-07:00Addressing a Seriousl Problem in the Article, Rampage The... Rampage shootings are a very serious problem in the United States, and an issue in other countries, and, beginning in the 1990ââ¬â¢s, there was a significant rise in the number of school shootings. In order to try and decrease the occurrence of these rampage shootings, it is important to thoroughly understand what they are compared to other shootings. According to Katherine Newman and her colleagues in their article Rampage: The Social Roots of School Shootings (2004), rampage shootings must take place in a school-related area with witnesses, have multiple victims many of whom are shot for their significance or at random, and finally must involve one ore more shooters who are or were students of the school (Newman, Fox, Harding, Mehta, Roth, 2004: 51). Newman and her colleagues then based a theory off of this definition of rampage shootings. They said there are ââ¬Å"five necessary but not sufficient conditions for rampage school shootingsâ⬠(Newman et al, 2004: 229). Basically, they are saying that there are five criteria that must exist in order for a school shooting to occur, but just because all of these criteria are present does not mean that there will actually be a shooting. The five criteria that make up Newmanââ¬â¢s theory are: social marginality, individual vulnerabilities, cultural scripts, under the radar, and access to guns. Social marginality is the product that develops within a school based on a social hierarchy. This leads to bullying and alienation, which then turn Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-11356261723298672622020-05-06T09:43:00.003-07:002020-05-06T09:43:06.646-07:00Pakistan Cement Industry Free Essays Compiled by: Mirza Rohail B http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/02/12/cement-industry/ History Introduction Growth of cement industry is rightly considered a barometer for economic activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan Cement Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1947, Pakistan had inherited 4 cement plants with a total capacity of 0. 5 million tons. Some expansion took place in 1956-66 but could not keep pace with the economic development and the country had to resort to imports of cement in 1976-77 and continued to do so till 1994-95. The industry was privatized in 1990 which led to setting up of new plants. Although an oligopoly market, there exists fierce competition between members of the cartel today. The industry comprises of 29 firms (19 units in the north and 10 units in the south), with the installed production capacity of 44. 09 million tons. The north with installed production capacity of 35. 18 million tons (80 percent) while the south with installed production capacity of 8. 89 million tons (20 percent), compete for the domestic market of over 19 million tons. There are four foreign companies, three armed forces companies and 16 private companies listed in the stock exchanges. The industry is divided into two broad regions, the northern region and the southern region. The northern region has around 80 percent share in total cement dispatches while the units based in the southern region contributes 20 percent to the annual cement sales. Cement industry is indeed a highly important segment of industrial sector that plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development. Since cement is a specialized product, requiring sophisticated infrastructure and production location. Mostly of the cement industries in Pakistan are located near/within mountainous regions that are rich in clay, iron and mineral capacity. Cement industries in Pakistan are currently operating at their maximum capacity due to the boom in commercial and industrial construction within Pakistan. The cement sector is contributing above Rs 30 billion to the national exchequer in the form of taxes. Cement industry is also serving the nation by providing job opportunities and presently more than 150,000 persons are employed directly or indirectly by the industry. The industry had exported 7. 716 million tons cement during the year 2007-08 and had earned $450 million, while is expected to export 11. 0 million tons of cement during 2008-09 and earn approximately $700 million. Fiscal Performance 2008-09 Business Recorder reported that Pakistanââ¬â¢s cement exports witnessed a healthy growth of 65%, to over 6 million tons during 7 months of the current fiscal year mainly due to rise in international demand. The exports may reach to 11 million tonnes and earn approx $ 700 million during 2008-09. The statistics of All Pakistan Ce ment Manufacturers Association also showed that cement exports had mounted to over 6 million tons in 7 months as compared to 3. 2 million tons of same period of last fiscal year, depicting an increase of 2. 38 million tons. Cement exports during January 2009 went up by 30% to 0. 81 million tons as compared to 0. 623 million tons in January 2008. However, slow construction activities in the country during the period badly upset domestic sale of cement, which depicted decline of 15%, to 10. 77 million tons as compared to 12. 59 million tons of last fiscal year. On MoM basis, local dispatches of cement during January 2009 showed a decline of 8%, to 1. 51 million tons from 1. 65 million tons of January 2008. Overall dispatches, including export and local sales, reached 16. 77 million tons during July to January of 2008-09 as against 16. 20 million tons of last fiscal year, depicting an increase of 3%. By September 2009, after witnessing substantial growth in all three quarters of fiscal year (FY) 2008-09, cement sector concluded the fourth quarter with a handsome growth of 1,492 percent on yearly basis, All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Associationââ¬â¢s report revealed on 29th September 2009. Higher retention prices (up 59 percent) and high rupee based export sales amid rupee depreciation (20 percent) drove profits up north. However, this growth is magnified, as FY2007-08 was an abnormally low profit period for the sector. Moreover, the performance is skewed towards large players with export potential as profitable companies in both years posted increase of just 109 percent, said analyst at JS Research Atif Zafar. He said that cumulative profitability of companies in FY09 stood at Rs 6. 2 billion or $78. 2 million as compared to Rs 386 million or $6. 2 million depicting a massive growth of 1,492 percent. Companies with profits in both the years posted 109 percent earnings improvement. Though total dispatches were down 2 percent, net sales grew by 55 percent to Rs 101. 4 billion or $1. 3 billion on the back of higher net retention prices (up 59 percent) and improved export based revenues. Cost of sales/tonne also rose by 33 percent on yearly basis amid higher realised coal prices and inflationary pressures, the analyst maintained. Production Capacity In Pakistan, there are 29 cement manufacturers that are playing a vital role in the building up the countryââ¬â¢s economy and contribution towards growth and prosperity. After 2002-3, most of the cement manufacturers expanded their operations, and increased production. This sector has invested about $1. 5 billion in capacity expansion over the last six years. The operating capacity of cement in 1991 was 7 million tons, which increased to become 18 million tons by 2005-06 and by end of 2007 rose to above 37 million tones, and currently the production cpapacity is 44. 07 million tonnes. Cement production capacity in the north is 35. 18 million tons (80 percent) while in the south it is only 8. 89 million tons (20 percent). The cement manufacturers in 2007-08 added above eight million tons to the capacity and the total production was expected to exceed 45 million tons by the end of 2010. It may result in a supply glut of seven million tons in 2009 and 2010. Actual Cement Production (in million tons) According to Government Board of Investment, 2001-02 ââ¬â 9. 83 2002-03 ââ¬â 10. 85 2003-04 ââ¬â 12. 86 2004-05 ââ¬â 16. 09 2005-06 ââ¬â 18. 48 2006-07 ââ¬â 22. 73 2007-08 ââ¬â 26. 75 2008-09 ââ¬â 20. 28 Exports International Markets The cement industry of Pakistan entered the export markets a few years back, and has established its reputation as a good quality product. Deregulation after accession of Pakistan to WTO is expected to open the window of competition from cheaper markets. The recent acquisition of Chakwal Cement by an Egyptian giant, Orascom may be a beginning of such an entry in Pakistan by multinationals. New avenues for export of cement are opening up for the indigenous industry as Sri Lanka has recently shown interest to import 30,000 tons cement from Pakistan every month. If the industry is able to avail the opportunity offered, it may secure a significant share of Sri Lanka market by supplying 360,000 tons of cement annually. In 2007, 130,000 tons cement was exported to India. In 2007, the exports to Afghanistan, UAE and Iraq touched 2. 13 million tons. At present, the economies of major countries are facing recession, but Pakistanââ¬â¢s cement sector is still maintaining a healthy growth. Cement export to India has already slowed after imposition of duty by Indian authorities. Pricing Another problem faced earlier by the Industry was the high taxation. The general sales tax (GST) was 186% higher than India. The impact of this tax and duty structure resulted in almost 40% increase in the cost of a cement bag (50 Kg). A bag in India earlier cost Rs. 160 as compared to Rs. 220 in Pakistan. In the budget of 2003-04, a duty cut of 25% was permitted to the cement sector with assurance from the cartel to pass on this benefit to the consumers. In 2006, the price of a bag went up to Rs. 430 however in 2007 it has stabilized at Rs. 315 per bag. In mid 2008, cement prices stabilized further at Rs. 220 per bag. The Government has reduced central excise duty (CED) on cement in the budget for 2007-08 in order to boost construction activity. Average industry cost of cement bag/50Kg = Rs. 193 Average industry price of cement bag/50Kg = Rs. 235 Domestic Demand Local demand in the country for the year 2008-09 is expected to be around 20 million tons. Domestic demand is expected to grow at 13% Capacity growth rate (CAGR) during next five years. Certain factors will also affect the growth of cement industry as well. These are as follows: Strong GDP growth O Higher GDP growth has positive impact on cement demand. O Cement demand growth rate was double the GDP growth rate in last three years. Housing sector growth O Housing projects consume roughly 40% of cement demand. O Low interest rates, post 9/11 remittancesââ¬â¢ inflow, and real estate boom have helped housing sector growth. Government Development Expenditures O Government development expenditures count for one third of total cement consumption. O Increase in PSDP ââ¬â from Rs. 80 bn in 1999 to Rs. 520 bn in 2007. O Infrastructure development in a region triggers private development projects having even positive impact on cement demand. Earthquake Rehabilitation O Earthquake losses of October 8th are estimated at $ 5. 2bn O Reconstruction work will boost construction material demand O Reconstruction work is expected to generate cement demand of 4mn tons over next 3-4 years Announcement of large Dams O Construction of four large dams will generate demand of 3. 7mn tons. Bhasha Daimer Dam, Munda Dam, Akhori Dam and Neelum Jhelum. Per Capita Cement Consumption Pakistan currently has a per capita consumption of 131kg of cement, which is comparable to that for India at 135kg per capita but substantially below the World Average 270kg and the regional average of over 400kg for peers in Asia and over 600kg in the Middle East. Cement demand remained stagnated during 90ââ¬â¢s owing to lack of development activities. In 1997, per capita consumption was 73 kg in both Pakistan and India. By 2005-06, consumption in India rose to become 115 kg/capita whereas ours rose to 117 kg/capita. A comparison of few countries in 2005: Bangladesh 50 kg/capita Pakistan 117 kg/capita India 115 kg/capita USA 375 kg/capita Iran 470 kg/capita Malaysia 530 kg/capita EU 560 kg/capita China 625 kg/capita UAE 1095 kg/capita Challenges to Cement Industry The cost and exports may be affected due to weakness of the US dollar causing coal, electricity charges and freight prices, comprising 65 to 70 percent of the cost. The PSDP allocation for 2009 has been cut by Rs 75 billion and feared further cuts would curtail cement demand. Major capacities of countries like India and Iran are expected to come online by FY10 and onwards which are likely to convert these countries from dependent importers to potential exporters. Moreover, this current rising trend is expected to be short-lived due to higher interest rates and inflationary concerns are likely to make it disadvantageous for investors to enter the construction industry. In addition to this, to control real estate prices the government is considering imposing a tax on it. Major General Rehmat Khan, Chairman of All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association (APCMA), told Business Recorder, ââ¬Å"cement industry is getting Rs 24 per ton as day dutydrawback for export of cement which needs to be revised. In view of todayââ¬â¢s calculation for duty drawback, which works out to Rs 130 per ton, he proposed that duty drawback be increased to Rs 130 per ton ,instead of Rs 24 per ton. â⬠Referring to taxation on cement, he said that cement dispatches are subject to payment of federal excise duty @ Rs 900 per ton, general sales tax @ 16 percent, special excise duty @ 1 percent, marking fee @ 0. 1 percent of ex-factory price, besides provincial duties and taxes. These taxes come to around Rs 96 per bag which is the highest in the world. Cement, it appears, is being treated as a luxury item for the purpose of taxes and duties. He proposed that the government should reduce excise duty by Rs 450 per ton in the forthcoming budget while the remaining half should be eliminated altogether along with the special excise duty. Besides this, sales tax should not be charged on excise duty paid value. He also proposed withdrawal of customs duty on Pet Coke and remove it from negative list for import from India because cement industry imports Coal and Pet Coke as fuel for production and customs duty on imported coal is zero while on Pet Coke it is charged @ 5 percent. (c) ECONOMIC PAKISTAN How to cite Pakistan Cement Industry, Essays Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-47814534916562489342020-05-06T09:43:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:43:05.007-07:00Pakistan Cement Industry Free Essays Compiled by: Mirza Rohail B http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/02/12/cement-industry/ History Introduction Growth of cement industry is rightly considered a barometer for economic activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan Cement Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1947, Pakistan had inherited 4 cement plants with a total capacity of 0. 5 million tons. Some expansion took place in 1956-66 but could not keep pace with the economic development and the country had to resort to imports of cement in 1976-77 and continued to do so till 1994-95. The industry was privatized in 1990 which led to setting up of new plants. Although an oligopoly market, there exists fierce competition between members of the cartel today. The industry comprises of 29 firms (19 units in the north and 10 units in the south), with the installed production capacity of 44. 09 million tons. The north with installed production capacity of 35. 18 million tons (80 percent) while the south with installed production capacity of 8. 89 million tons (20 percent), compete for the domestic market of over 19 million tons. There are four foreign companies, three armed forces companies and 16 private companies listed in the stock exchanges. The industry is divided into two broad regions, the northern region and the southern region. The northern region has around 80 percent share in total cement dispatches while the units based in the southern region contributes 20 percent to the annual cement sales. Cement industry is indeed a highly important segment of industrial sector that plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development. Since cement is a specialized product, requiring sophisticated infrastructure and production location. Mostly of the cement industries in Pakistan are located near/within mountainous regions that are rich in clay, iron and mineral capacity. Cement industries in Pakistan are currently operating at their maximum capacity due to the boom in commercial and industrial construction within Pakistan. The cement sector is contributing above Rs 30 billion to the national exchequer in the form of taxes. Cement industry is also serving the nation by providing job opportunities and presently more than 150,000 persons are employed directly or indirectly by the industry. The industry had exported 7. 716 million tons cement during the year 2007-08 and had earned $450 million, while is expected to export 11. 0 million tons of cement during 2008-09 and earn approximately $700 million. Fiscal Performance 2008-09 Business Recorder reported that Pakistanââ¬â¢s cement exports witnessed a healthy growth of 65%, to over 6 million tons during 7 months of the current fiscal year mainly due to rise in international demand. The exports may reach to 11 million tonnes and earn approx $ 700 million during 2008-09. The statistics of All Pakistan Ce ment Manufacturers Association also showed that cement exports had mounted to over 6 million tons in 7 months as compared to 3. 2 million tons of same period of last fiscal year, depicting an increase of 2. 38 million tons. Cement exports during January 2009 went up by 30% to 0. 81 million tons as compared to 0. 623 million tons in January 2008. However, slow construction activities in the country during the period badly upset domestic sale of cement, which depicted decline of 15%, to 10. 77 million tons as compared to 12. 59 million tons of last fiscal year. On MoM basis, local dispatches of cement during January 2009 showed a decline of 8%, to 1. 51 million tons from 1. 65 million tons of January 2008. Overall dispatches, including export and local sales, reached 16. 77 million tons during July to January of 2008-09 as against 16. 20 million tons of last fiscal year, depicting an increase of 3%. By September 2009, after witnessing substantial growth in all three quarters of fiscal year (FY) 2008-09, cement sector concluded the fourth quarter with a handsome growth of 1,492 percent on yearly basis, All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Associationââ¬â¢s report revealed on 29th September 2009. Higher retention prices (up 59 percent) and high rupee based export sales amid rupee depreciation (20 percent) drove profits up north. However, this growth is magnified, as FY2007-08 was an abnormally low profit period for the sector. Moreover, the performance is skewed towards large players with export potential as profitable companies in both years posted increase of just 109 percent, said analyst at JS Research Atif Zafar. He said that cumulative profitability of companies in FY09 stood at Rs 6. 2 billion or $78. 2 million as compared to Rs 386 million or $6. 2 million depicting a massive growth of 1,492 percent. Companies with profits in both the years posted 109 percent earnings improvement. Though total dispatches were down 2 percent, net sales grew by 55 percent to Rs 101. 4 billion or $1. 3 billion on the back of higher net retention prices (up 59 percent) and improved export based revenues. Cost of sales/tonne also rose by 33 percent on yearly basis amid higher realised coal prices and inflationary pressures, the analyst maintained. Production Capacity In Pakistan, there are 29 cement manufacturers that are playing a vital role in the building up the countryââ¬â¢s economy and contribution towards growth and prosperity. After 2002-3, most of the cement manufacturers expanded their operations, and increased production. This sector has invested about $1. 5 billion in capacity expansion over the last six years. The operating capacity of cement in 1991 was 7 million tons, which increased to become 18 million tons by 2005-06 and by end of 2007 rose to above 37 million tones, and currently the production cpapacity is 44. 07 million tonnes. Cement production capacity in the north is 35. 18 million tons (80 percent) while in the south it is only 8. 89 million tons (20 percent). The cement manufacturers in 2007-08 added above eight million tons to the capacity and the total production was expected to exceed 45 million tons by the end of 2010. It may result in a supply glut of seven million tons in 2009 and 2010. Actual Cement Production (in million tons) According to Government Board of Investment, 2001-02 ââ¬â 9. 83 2002-03 ââ¬â 10. 85 2003-04 ââ¬â 12. 86 2004-05 ââ¬â 16. 09 2005-06 ââ¬â 18. 48 2006-07 ââ¬â 22. 73 2007-08 ââ¬â 26. 75 2008-09 ââ¬â 20. 28 Exports International Markets The cement industry of Pakistan entered the export markets a few years back, and has established its reputation as a good quality product. Deregulation after accession of Pakistan to WTO is expected to open the window of competition from cheaper markets. The recent acquisition of Chakwal Cement by an Egyptian giant, Orascom may be a beginning of such an entry in Pakistan by multinationals. New avenues for export of cement are opening up for the indigenous industry as Sri Lanka has recently shown interest to import 30,000 tons cement from Pakistan every month. If the industry is able to avail the opportunity offered, it may secure a significant share of Sri Lanka market by supplying 360,000 tons of cement annually. In 2007, 130,000 tons cement was exported to India. In 2007, the exports to Afghanistan, UAE and Iraq touched 2. 13 million tons. At present, the economies of major countries are facing recession, but Pakistanââ¬â¢s cement sector is still maintaining a healthy growth. Cement export to India has already slowed after imposition of duty by Indian authorities. Pricing Another problem faced earlier by the Industry was the high taxation. The general sales tax (GST) was 186% higher than India. The impact of this tax and duty structure resulted in almost 40% increase in the cost of a cement bag (50 Kg). A bag in India earlier cost Rs. 160 as compared to Rs. 220 in Pakistan. In the budget of 2003-04, a duty cut of 25% was permitted to the cement sector with assurance from the cartel to pass on this benefit to the consumers. In 2006, the price of a bag went up to Rs. 430 however in 2007 it has stabilized at Rs. 315 per bag. In mid 2008, cement prices stabilized further at Rs. 220 per bag. The Government has reduced central excise duty (CED) on cement in the budget for 2007-08 in order to boost construction activity. Average industry cost of cement bag/50Kg = Rs. 193 Average industry price of cement bag/50Kg = Rs. 235 Domestic Demand Local demand in the country for the year 2008-09 is expected to be around 20 million tons. Domestic demand is expected to grow at 13% Capacity growth rate (CAGR) during next five years. Certain factors will also affect the growth of cement industry as well. These are as follows: Strong GDP growth O Higher GDP growth has positive impact on cement demand. O Cement demand growth rate was double the GDP growth rate in last three years. Housing sector growth O Housing projects consume roughly 40% of cement demand. O Low interest rates, post 9/11 remittancesââ¬â¢ inflow, and real estate boom have helped housing sector growth. Government Development Expenditures O Government development expenditures count for one third of total cement consumption. O Increase in PSDP ââ¬â from Rs. 80 bn in 1999 to Rs. 520 bn in 2007. O Infrastructure development in a region triggers private development projects having even positive impact on cement demand. Earthquake Rehabilitation O Earthquake losses of October 8th are estimated at $ 5. 2bn O Reconstruction work will boost construction material demand O Reconstruction work is expected to generate cement demand of 4mn tons over next 3-4 years Announcement of large Dams O Construction of four large dams will generate demand of 3. 7mn tons. Bhasha Daimer Dam, Munda Dam, Akhori Dam and Neelum Jhelum. Per Capita Cement Consumption Pakistan currently has a per capita consumption of 131kg of cement, which is comparable to that for India at 135kg per capita but substantially below the World Average 270kg and the regional average of over 400kg for peers in Asia and over 600kg in the Middle East. Cement demand remained stagnated during 90ââ¬â¢s owing to lack of development activities. In 1997, per capita consumption was 73 kg in both Pakistan and India. By 2005-06, consumption in India rose to become 115 kg/capita whereas ours rose to 117 kg/capita. A comparison of few countries in 2005: Bangladesh 50 kg/capita Pakistan 117 kg/capita India 115 kg/capita USA 375 kg/capita Iran 470 kg/capita Malaysia 530 kg/capita EU 560 kg/capita China 625 kg/capita UAE 1095 kg/capita Challenges to Cement Industry The cost and exports may be affected due to weakness of the US dollar causing coal, electricity charges and freight prices, comprising 65 to 70 percent of the cost. The PSDP allocation for 2009 has been cut by Rs 75 billion and feared further cuts would curtail cement demand. Major capacities of countries like India and Iran are expected to come online by FY10 and onwards which are likely to convert these countries from dependent importers to potential exporters. Moreover, this current rising trend is expected to be short-lived due to higher interest rates and inflationary concerns are likely to make it disadvantageous for investors to enter the construction industry. In addition to this, to control real estate prices the government is considering imposing a tax on it. Major General Rehmat Khan, Chairman of All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association (APCMA), told Business Recorder, ââ¬Å"cement industry is getting Rs 24 per ton as day dutydrawback for export of cement which needs to be revised. In view of todayââ¬â¢s calculation for duty drawback, which works out to Rs 130 per ton, he proposed that duty drawback be increased to Rs 130 per ton ,instead of Rs 24 per ton. â⬠Referring to taxation on cement, he said that cement dispatches are subject to payment of federal excise duty @ Rs 900 per ton, general sales tax @ 16 percent, special excise duty @ 1 percent, marking fee @ 0. 1 percent of ex-factory price, besides provincial duties and taxes. These taxes come to around Rs 96 per bag which is the highest in the world. Cement, it appears, is being treated as a luxury item for the purpose of taxes and duties. He proposed that the government should reduce excise duty by Rs 450 per ton in the forthcoming budget while the remaining half should be eliminated altogether along with the special excise duty. Besides this, sales tax should not be charged on excise duty paid value. He also proposed withdrawal of customs duty on Pet Coke and remove it from negative list for import from India because cement industry imports Coal and Pet Coke as fuel for production and customs duty on imported coal is zero while on Pet Coke it is charged @ 5 percent. (c) ECONOMIC PAKISTAN How to cite Pakistan Cement Industry, Essays Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-55807268607577847332020-04-28T01:38:00.001-07:002020-04-28T01:38:04.580-07:00Sainsburys Marketing Strategies Sainsburyââ¬â¢s was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Sainsbury. The name came from John Jamesââ¬â¢s surname.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsburyââ¬â¢s Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today the company has grown to become one of the largest supermarkets in UK operating about 1,000 stores, including 440 convenience stores with a labor force of about 150,000 people (J Sainsbury plc / Business strategy objectives). The companys business strategies and objectives are based on their strong values and cultures. Their main objectives include providing quality food, general merchandise and clothing, developing complementary channels and services, developing new business, and finally growing space as well as creating property values. From these objectives and strategies, one will later observe and see how the company has segmented its market within the country. Turban Efraim defined customer service in Sainsbury as ââ¬Å"a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction, that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectationâ⬠(12). Sainsbury puts its customers at the heart of everything they do. Massive investments have been done in the stores, labor force as well as into their distribution channels in order to ensure the customers receive the best customer service. Sainsbury operations are mainly based in the UK, their main office being based in London. Its positioning in the UK gives it a competitive advantage compared to other retail supermarkets within the country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today the supermarket has over 785 stores in the UK, consequently, this does only increase its market share but also improves on its customer service because of convenience o f the stores. Apart from having a number of stores across the UK, they are mainly located within an easy reach to bus stops as well as nearest malls. Sainsbury differential advantage arises from one of its marketing strategies, which are product differentiations. Barney Hesterley defined product differentiation as ââ¬Å"the ultimate expression of the creativity of individuals and groups within the firmsâ⬠(20). Differentiation involves creating a product or service that enables a firm to stand out from other similar firms in the industry. Differentiation can be achieved through brand image, changing product design and features, improving customer service as well as expanding the companyââ¬â¢s network. From Sainsburyââ¬â¢s point of view, the retail store has successfully differentiated its products as well as the services. The companys network is massive, having covered major cities in the UK. Also, each customer base has its own products with different features, for exa mple, the youth have special malls for their entertainment, and the kids have toy shops. The main marketing strategies employed by Sainsbury are market segmentation. Market segmentation can be explained as the division of a market into unique groups of buyers, who require separate products. Market segmentation can also be referred to as the division of a market into smaller markets having buyers with the same characteristics, where a company will be able to meet its needs successfully hence satisfying its customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsburyââ¬â¢s Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Markets can be segmented in terms of geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral variables. From the research conducted, Sainsbury has segmented its markets using almost all the variables. For example, the company has stores almost in every city of the UK; its markets have also been segm ented using demographic variables. Segmentation by demographic variables involves the segmentation by the use of demographic factors, such as age, sex family size, family life cycle, income, education, occupation, religion, race and nationality. Sainsbury has also been able to segment its markets according to psychographic variables. Market segmentation has proved to be very valuable to Sainsbury. Many benefits have resulted from it segmenting these include the following among others; the company has been able to improve on its customer service standards hence increasing the sales volume and eventually profits, the company has also been able to concentrate its resources on the chosen segments as well being able to review developments and anticipate changes in the segments from competitive activities (Supply Chain Management Case Study Sainsbury s Supply Chain Strategies ââ¬â College Essay ââ¬â Arghavankayvani). Sainsbury main customer target is the family unit especially the mother. My reasoning has been derived from the companyââ¬â¢s website as well as the advertisements on the TV. The company uses a marketing mix to attract this segment. Marketing mix also known as the 4ps refers to the combination of product, price, promotion and place. Sainsbury ensures that its products are of high quality, for example, in the food sector, the company has been involved in promoting healthy food eating. In trying to promote this product the company used one of the renowned chefs to be part of its advertising campaign. The main target of its food products is the family especially the mother, who ensures healthy eating of the family members. Also I analyzed their website and found it to be very informative.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various pictures for the various products that are offered at the stores. Also their products are of high quality being produced using the top manufacturing skills. The prices of the various products have been found to be pocket friendly. As compared to other stores in the UK, for example, Tesco and Asda, Sainsbury prices are quite cheap. The company has been involved in price awareness campaigns, where it educated the customers on various price changes as well as various discounts for new products. Sainsbury ensures that the products of this target group are easily available, and the costumers are able to get them at their convenience, which has been evident in the expansion programs where many stores have been opened; these stores are mainly located next to bus stops or residential areas. In trying to make the customers aware of its products, Sainsbury has been involved in many promotion activities, for example, the recent advertisement where they were promoting healthy eating. This advertisement involved the use of one of the top chefs. The use vouchers or coupons are another marketing promotion strategy used by Sainsbury. The issue of vouchers and coupons to customers increases customer retention as well as increased sales. However, these vouchers at times can be costly up to millions of pounds. Marketing segmentation can sometimes be very expensive for a company because the company has to come up with various marketing strategies that meet the standards or needs for every segment of the market. For example, products for the kids have to be promoted using different tactics; for the teenagers promotion has to be done using another mode. We have also seen that Sainsbury vouchers which are worth millions of pounds, at times when the company does not make profits, may give the coupons to its customers. Sainsbury still has a wide range of opportunities. The Company should consider going international and opening stores in various continents. Works Cit ed Barney, Jay, and William Hesterley. Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage Concepts. New Jersey: Pearson prentice Hall, 2006. Print. Efraim, Turban. Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. ââ¬Å"J Sainsbury plc / Business strategy objectives.â⬠J Sainsbury plc / Home. N.p., n.d. Web. ââ¬Å"Supply Chain Management Case Study Sainsbury s Supply Chain Strategies ââ¬â College Essay ââ¬â Arghavankayvani.â⬠Free Term Papers, Research Papers, Essays, Book Notes | StudyMode.com. N.p., n.d. Web. This essay on Sainsburyââ¬â¢s Marketing Strategies was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-19618640488994423012020-03-19T19:19:00.001-07:002020-03-19T19:19:02.667-07:00How to Play Guitar essaysHow to Play Guitar essays The guitar is a very complicated yet very fulfilling instrument. I was first intrigued by the guitar when I was sixteen years old. I dont know what it was about the guitar that I found intriguing, but I knew I wanted to play it and become very much involved in it. There are quite a few aspects of the guitar and it is a science that I have not yet learned every minute detail about, but what I do know I will share in an attempt to make it not only understandable, but also enjoyable for the reader. There are three main aspects that I will be covering. Now keep in mind that there are far more than three main aspects about the guitar, but I have decided to describe the three main parts that I have found interesting and vital to the process of playing the guitar. The first being the actual notes and what they mean in relation to the guitar. The second being the types of chords you can make on the guitar, and finally the last part is about soloing and how to master it. As you go o n reading, you will notice how the many aspects all tie into one another almost like they are pieces of a puzzle. Now, the first aspect of the guitar that I have chosen is the notes. A note is a single pitch that can be made anywhere on the guitar. Lets use the A note for example. Moving up the guitar you will notice the notes in succession make a pattern that is the basis or foundation of the guitar. Starting from A and moving up the neck, you will find an A# (sharp) note, after that is the B note, followed by a C note. Keep in mind there is no B# or E#. After the C is a C# followed by D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, and finally taking you back to A after the G#. If you were to pick any note at random, this is the pattern you would follow up the neck of the guitar. The next aspect is the types of chords you can make. The first type is a power chord. The second is a barre chord and the third is an open chord. The ... Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-42337176408036727602020-03-03T11:05:00.001-08:002020-03-03T11:05:04.286-08:00Beelzebufo Devil Frog Facts and FiguresBeelzebufo Devil Frog Facts and Figures Name: Beelzebufo (Greek for devil frog); pronounced bee-ELL-zeh-BOO-foe Habitat: Woodlands of Madagascar Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70 million years ago) Size and Weight: About a foot and a half long and 10 pounds Diet: Insects and small animals Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; unusually capacious mouth About Beelzebufo (Devil Frog) Slightly outweighing its contemporary descendant, the seven-pound Goliath Frog of Equatorial Guinea, Beelzebufo was the largest frog that ever lived, weighing about 10 pounds and measuring nearly a foot and a half from head to tail. Unlike contemporary frogs, which are mostly content to snack on insects, Beelzebufo (at least by the evidence of its unusually wide and capacious mouth) must have chowed down on the smaller animals of the late Cretaceous period, perhaps including baby dinosaurs and full-grown dino-birds in its diet. Reprising a common theme, this prehistoric amphibian evolved to its giant size on the relatively isolated Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, where it didnt have to deal with the large, predatory, theropod dinosaurs that ruled the earth elsewhere. Recently, researchers investigating a second fossil specimen of Beelzebufo made an amazing discovery: as big as it was, this frog may also have sported sharp spikes and a semi-hard, turtle-like shell along its head and back (presumably, these adaptations evolved to keep the Devil Frog from being swallowed whole by predators, though they may also have been sexually selected characteristics, the more heavily armored males being more attractive to females during Devil Frog mating season). This same team also determined that Beelzebufo was similar in appearance to, and perhaps related to, horned frogs, genus name Ceratophrys, which today live in South America - which may hint at the exact time of the breakup of the Gondwanan supercontinent toward the end of the Mesozoic Era. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-83410801694171925402020-02-16T02:31:00.001-08:002020-02-16T02:31:03.183-08:00The major problems that emerged from the fall of the wall for the EssayThe major problems that emerged from the fall of the wall for the newly united Germany - Essay Example Reflecting upon and referring to the events outlined in the lesson, this paper will give the writerââ¬â¢s opinion on what the major problems emerging from the fall of the wall were, and if and how they could have been avoided. The problems Germany faced after reunification arose from the initial causes of the division. Although it was clear by 1990 that both East and West Germany intended strongly to reunite into a common German federal republic, the most notable problems were political, economical and social. In East Germany, not only did the Party of Democratic Socialism undergo heavy defeat in the first free elections, but East Germanyââ¬â¢s infrastructure and economy almost collapsed (Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt 2005). East Germany may have been considered the most vigorous economy in the Soviet bloc, but I think itââ¬â¢s economic near-collapse was a manifestation of its shaky and ill-planned communist foundations. Rather than gaining stability from its relative wealth, East Germanyââ¬â¢s relative poverty destabilized it. There continued to be different mentalities between those from the East and those from the West. East Germans had been guaranteed the right to work, with 80 percent of its women employed, and outstanding childcare had been provided by the state. In contrast, the West, whose systems were driven by the markets, social services were continuously being cut and getting jobs was difficult. The reunion made it even more difficult for workers from East Germany to get jobs (although those who got them benefited greatly) because they had to adapt to new systems that rendered them insufficiently trained (Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt 2005). My opinion is that this was a consequence of the conception of two new identities which had no roots in the history of the country prior to 1949. Four decades of division had created a social problem in which West Germans (Wessis) were perceived by foreigners as well as most West Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-32724342649995158172020-02-02T15:35:00.001-08:002020-02-02T15:35:03.742-08:00Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1Equity - Essay Example he other hand, expects that the property may be asserted by loan bosses before individual A bites the dust, and that subsequently B would get none of it. A could secure a trust with B as the beneficiary, yet then A would not be qualified for utilization of the property before they passed on. Defensive law of trusts was created as an answer for this circumstance unlike the equityââ¬â¢s darling rules1. A would create a law of trust with both A and B as recipients or rather beneficiaries, with the trustee taught to permit individual A to utilize the property until A passed on, and from there on to permit its utilization to B. The property is then sheltered from being guaranteed by As lenders, at slightest the length of the obligation was gone into after the trusts law2. This utilization of the law of trusts is like life domains and leftovers, and is much of the time utilized as plan B to them. As per the common law, lawful frameworks, a law of trust is a form of connection whereby a land is held by one gathering for the profit of an alternate like the beneficiaries but according to the equityââ¬â¢s darling, there are no beneficiaries recognized by its court and this brings out the difference between the two courts. A law of trust is made by settler, who exchanges some or the majority of his or her land to a trustee. It is clear that the trustee holds that land for the trusts recipients. Since the Roman times, the law of trusts has been existing and currently, they have turned in a standout amongst the most critical advancements in property or rather land law. A manager setting land into the law of trust puts a piece of his or her heap of the rights to the trustee, differentiating the lands lawful proprietorship and control from its evenhanded possession and benefits. This may be an expense which is finished in some other reasons or to control the land and its advantages if the settler is non-attendant, debilitated, or is dead. Commonly the law of trusts is m ade in wills, Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-43305195875805852212020-01-25T11:59:00.001-08:002020-01-25T11:59:07.783-08:00The Representation Of Disabled People In FilmThe Representation Of Disabled People In Film The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyse the stereotypical portrayals of disabled people in the media. It is mainly concerned with the misrepresentation of disability in films, especially the horror genre. It aims to consider the effect that the media has o disabled identity, highlighting the power of body image and personal experience on the development of both individual and group identity. In examining the mechanisms of how we read film, the exchange of looks, of identification, and of pleasure offered and obtained, we find that notions of masculinity and femininity predominate spectator text relations. Media often turns people into objects and this can bring terrible consequences as self-image can be deeply affected with their interpretations of what is acceptable and visually pleasing in contemporary bodies. Girls self-esteem plummets during adolescence partly because they cannot escape the message that their bodies are objects and imperfect ones at that. Girls of all ages get the message that they must be flawlessly beautiful and, above all these days, they must be thin. Even more destructively, they get the message that this is possible, that with enough effort and self-sacrifice, they can achieve this ideal. The glossy images of flawlessly beautiful and extremely thin women that surround us would not have the impact they do if we did not live in a culture that enc ourages us to believe we can and should remake our bodies into perfect commodities. Women are especially vulnerable because their bodies have been objectified for so long. According to Clarkes (1995) media representations of embodiment show how the computer-generated body of the hyperreal world also persist in negating a disabled embodiment. The use of body doubles in films and commercials makes it even less likely that we will see real womens bodies. Davies (1997:1) writes, People with disabilities have been isolated, incarcerated, observed written about, operated on, instructed , implanted, regulated, treated, institutionalised, and controlled to a degree probably unequal to that experienced by any other minority group. Oliver (1990: 1) writes, Throughout the twentieth century disabled people continue to be portrayed as more than or less than human, rarely as ordinary people doing ordinary things. The world is fast becoming a global market place controlled not by individual governments but by transnational conglomerates interested only in profits (OShaughnessy, 1999). The influence of these huge and powerful corporations on the media leads to a pernicious kind of censorship. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many of these corporations own and control the media. The medias development has been affected by commercial interests that recognise that the media are potentially highly profitable industries (OShaughnessy, 1999:2). This point helps to demonstrate that media representations are not always genuine or accurately reflecting reality. The media uses visual images to tell a particular story ant these experiences often help guide opinions and values. The consumption of the media, and in particular media forms such as TV and film, has become extremely popular. Not only do the media reflect societal values, but it can be assume that it also encourages certain ideals. Stigma, Stereotyping and Prejudice There is no established single theory of stigma, which is not surprising as stigma embodies a complex interaction between medicine, political affairs, social science, history, psychology, anthropology (Smith, 2002). Smith goes on to state that the significant stage in the generation of stigma is the perception of difference and for stigmatisation to take place, the differences observed will be related to undesirable traits. Smith used the example of people suffering from a mental illness being stereotyped as being violent and unpredictable. Marks (1997, p.86) draws attention to the moving image media representations, that divide the able bodied and people with impairments. According to Sarfan (1998) much has been written on the damaging, stereotypical representation of people with all manner of impairments in film. Wahl (1995) states that films with disability themes stigmatise those with similar characteristics as: infantile; savants; sexually abnormal and bitter; deviant and violent and dependent and pitiable. According to Whittington- Walsh (1997) people with a variety of impairments have been exhibited for amusement and gain as freaks for countless years and it proved to be a lucrative business. Even though spectators turned away from the freak shows at the beginning of the nineteenth century images of people with impairments as entertainment did not cease to exist. Mainstream film industry has produced many films showing characters with impairments. More often than not, disabled people in film are portrayed as pitiable and pathetic such as John Merrick, paraded as a freak in The Elephant Man (1980, David Lynch, Uk), or as victims an objects of violence such as Suzy Hendrix who was blind and intimidated by drug dealers in Wait until Dark (1967, Terrance Young, USA) or as asexual such as the disabled war veteran, Ron Kovic, in Born on the 4th of July (1989, Oliver Stone, USA). These are but a few of the distorted portrayals of disabled people in the media. According to Marks (1997, p.86) these individuals are presented as Other who are completely different from us. Very rarely are disabled people accurately shown as leading ordinary lives. Stigmatised individuals and groups frequently lack power to alter such views and as such their status diminishes further. Our opinions about different groups of people are often totally irrational. They are influenced by factors such as our membership of a group (ethnocentrism) and by our experience, no matter how small, of that group. Some of these ideas may be positive and some may be negative but often these opinions or attitudes are based on very little information. The process of grouping people together and believing that they are all the same is known as stereotyping. The term stereotype was introduced by Walter Lippmann in 1922 (cited in Brown, 1986) and was defined as being an oversimplified view of the world that satisfies our need to see the world as more understandable and manageable than it really is. What he actually meant was that if we can attribute a whole set of characteristics to something, we will not have to analyse the thing each time we meet it in order to know about it. Stereotyping involves classifying people according to a set of pre-established criteria and this kind of classification is usually made on the basis id something as superficial as their appearance. What the person is actually like is totally irrelevant because we simply attribute all sorts of characteristics to them on the basis of the group that we have put then with. According to Tajfel (1982), the process of trying to give ourselves some kind of positive identity seems to explain why people have what are known as in group preferences. If we are assigned to a group, any group, either by birth or by design, we instantaneously seem to feel a kind of innate, automatic preference for that group and give the group a higher status than other groups. The in group bias is merely a method of increasing our own self-esteem. If a group believes it is less worthy than others, it will be more likely to accept any prejudice shown to them without objection because they believe it is justified. The nature of social power dynamics and group hierarchy make stereotypes particularly oppressive for certain individuals and groups (Operario et al., 1998). In particular: â⬠¦individuals whose outcomes are controlled by others, and groups low in the social hierarchy, are vulnerable to the demeaning content of their stereotypes. Conversely, individuals who control others outcomes, and groups near the top of the social hierarchy, are more likely to employ stereotypes about others â⬠¦ (Fiske, 1993) Because of their dependence on the powerful, the powerless direct their attention up the hierarchy and do not categorise those with power. But the powerful themselves are too busy, too unconcerned with accuracy, or too dominance-orientated to pay any attention to the powerless. They, therefore, tend to categorise and form highly stereotypical impressions of those over whom they can exert power (Oakes, 2004). Powerful people simply pay less individuating attention to their subordinates- that is, they treat them less as individuals, while the reverse is true for subordinate individuals and groups. According to Operario and Fiske (2004): â⬠¦ Not only does power perpetuate beliefs associated with social subordinates and minority groups, it also enables people to act upon stereotypical beliefs through legislation, economic policies, and institutional practicesâ⬠¦ A counterintuitive finding is the tendency for the powerless and disadvantaged to show biases that justify and maintain their groups low status (that is, they accept the status quo). This helps explain why social injustice can endure within cultural contexts that outwardly endorse egalitarianism and equality. But this is not necessarily the same as internalising negative stereotypes. Members of low-status groups tend to achnowledge their groups disadvantaged status, but minimise perceptions of personal vulnerability to discrimination. In this way, they can maintain their self-esteem and personal control, and avoid feeling personally victimised (Operario and Fiske, 2004). Sometimes the attitudes we have towards a group of people are extreme and we call this kind of extreme attitude prejudice. This prejudice can be either positive or negative depending on the person holding the views. Often these extreme attitudes have virtually no foundation in reality and are based simply on some minor attribute like appearance, are influenced by factors such as the media and the way we have been socialised. Supposing someone has something about their appearance that they have no control over-how must they feel? The studies by Piliavin (1969) in the subway showed that people with ugly facial birthmarks were not helped as frequently. Were they being stereotyped on the basis of some external characteristics and consequently suffering some king of prejudice to do with the fact that their appearance was not perfect? Even when prejudices are irrational, if they are maintained or perpetuated by society they cab have vey dangerous consequences for the person concerned. The person on the receiving end is likely to develop very low self-esteem, seeing themselves as less worthy than people holding their prejudiced views. However, there is evidence to show that if you have an expectation that people will be prejudiced towards you, this may in fact lead you to perceive a situation in a different way to people who have no expectation of prejudice. This was demonstrated by a study done by Kleck and Strenta (1980) who applied make-up to their participants to make them look as if they had an extremely large, ugly facial scar. After checking their appearance in a mirror, the researchers applied some cream to set the make-up but what they actually did was remove the scar. The participants then spent some time interacting with another person and reported back on whether the scar affected their interactions. Even though there was no disfigurement, the participants reported that their appearance had influenced the way the other person behaved towards them. This suggests that people may well explain the way people behave towards them as being due to their membership of a particular group. This may help us unders tand the perceptions of minority groups who believe they are being persecuted, even when this is not the case. Freaks Around the time Todd Brownings Freaks was made the meaning of freak was changing. Ceasing to be a celebrated exotic attraction, it was becoming medicalised, developing into a scientific specimen. Freaks was perhaps the first film to use a full cast of genuine sideshow people and expose viewers to images of abnormal bodies enjoying daily life, together with their normal sensual desires. However, audiences were engaged not through empathy, but revulsion from the physical differences shown and were outraged by the Freaks avenging themselves on so called normal bodies. The 30 year ban demonstrates how deeply we share cultural ideas about disabled people and images of impaired bodies. The bodies of the actors did not match with how the dominant U.S. culture defined what a body should look like or what it should be able to do. Their bodies were considered inferior when compared with people who were considered normal. Freaks has often been criticised because of its association with the negative representation of disability within the horror film genre. Conversely, it has also been praised because its portrayal of disability was in fact far more lifelike than that portrayed in numerous other films. Whittington-Walsh (2002, p.698) states: Freaks is unique in the fact that we only see characters with disabilities in their day to day lives and we never see them in the mode of presentation used in Freak shows and other films. We only see them in their actual social identity. Fiske, S.T. (1993) Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48(6), pp.621-628. Oakes, P. (2004) The Root of All Evil in Intergroup Relations? Unearthing the Categorisation Process. In Brewer, M. B. and Hewstone, M. (2004) (eds) Social Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Operario, D., Goodwin, S.A., and Fiske, S.T. (1998) Power is everywhere: Social control and personal control both operate as stereotype activation, interpretation , and response. In Wyer, R.S. (1998) (ed.) Advances in social cognition (Volume 11) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Operario, D. and Fiske, S.T. (2004) Stereotypes: Content, Structures, Processes and Context. In Brewer, M. B. and Hewstone, M. (2004) (eds) Social Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-64449566517402458142020-01-17T08:23:00.001-08:002020-01-17T08:23:03.886-08:00Main Character Of The Novel EssayThroughout the book, we see that George Elliot has a distinct pre-occupation and interest with presenting the working class rural community in an authentic light. She writes the book as a social anthropologist, studying the more primitive community of the time. She has a large amount of sympathy towards the poor, although she herself was not a member of the working class. Using the story as a vehicle she aims to expose the plight and indignity of the poor in Victorian England, it was her main motive. Therefore, her focus throughout the book is in fact village life; in this case a fictional village named Raveloe. Focusing on the villagers, their attitudes and their way of life acts as a way of also commenting socially and politically on the injustices they face. Raveloe can easily be regarded as the main character as without it, the narrative following Silas has little significance. The village shapes the narrative, being responsible for most of the major areas of interest in the tale. All the individual characters provide interest and together form the character of the town, from characters such as Dunsey to Dolly. The story begins with a sympathetic description of the ââ¬Ëhonest folkââ¬â¢ of Raveloe. Our first real source of interest in the novel comes from the villagerââ¬â¢s hostile reaction to Silas. We are initially told about Silas through the eyes of the villagers. Elliot echoes the villagers process of thought and way of speech throughout the novel, namely at the beginning. The sound of Silasââ¬â¢ loom is described as ââ¬Ëquestionableââ¬â¢ and he is said to have a ââ¬Ëdreadful stareââ¬â¢. She is mimicking the mannerisms and phraseology of Raveloe as a whole and its reaction to the unknown. Silasââ¬â¢ mechanical method of working on the loom is seen as un-natural by the villagers, who can only judge him on their own experiences, centred round farming and agriculture. Due to this unfamiliarity, they see even pitiful attributes as sinister. His bad eyesight is thought of as a ââ¬Ëstareââ¬â¢. This reaction of the village acts just as a reaction of a human character. It is typical of the village to think this way. In this respect then, the village can be regarded as any other character would. It has attributes and a predictable nature. It is these collective attributes of the community that make Raveloe one character, with which Silasââ¬â¢ relationships revolve. His relationships and connections with the characters of the community provide the most significant points of interest in the novel. Initially, there is the theft of his gold by Dunsey, then his integration into the community with the help of Dolly and later his confrontation with Godfrey over the fate of Eppie. Dolly represents the warmer, caring part of the Raveloe community, opposite to William Dane, the bitter symbol of Silasââ¬â¢ past. She is described to ââ¬Ëseek the sadder and more serious elements of life and pasture her mind upon themââ¬â¢. Dolly seems to almost gain sustenance from helping those in need, in this case Silas. She helps him with the upbringing of Eppie, offering clothes and her own time. She fulfils her found role in the community. Although she can be seen as the prime example of the villageââ¬â¢s moral capability, such sentiments are seen universally. When Silas informs the villagers of his lost gold, the villagers group together in order to help him. By entering ââ¬ËThe Rainbowââ¬â¢, Silas enters the hub of the village community, beginning the process of his integration. After seeing the authenticity and depth of Silasââ¬â¢ grief, any former rumours disappear as the villagers begin to relate him to themselves, seeming anxious to help. The event acts as a rare source of excitement, as the villagers become incapable of distinguishing reality from imagination, fabricating information concerning a pedlar ââ¬Ëwith ear-ringsââ¬â¢. However this all represents a symptomatic characteristic of the village ââ¬â a concern to help others. The villagersââ¬â¢ reaction concerning the pedlar, is an indication of another key characteristic of Raveloe ââ¬â a belief in superstition. Although the villagers provide lengthy descriptions of this so called thief, we know that no such character even exists. It is an example of how, in such close cut communities, little matters, true or false, can be embellished, escalating into common belief, leading to the creation of new superstitions. Silas is initially associated with the devil and spirit worship. These suspicions are only heightened by his apparent skill with herbal remedies, his strange cataleptic fits, as well as his past home, ââ¬ËNorthââ¬â¢ardââ¬â¢, where wizards, magic and folklore were associated. However his evident massive bereavement following the loss of his gold dispels any former rumours. Much of this superstition originates from the villagers discussions in the ââ¬ËRainbowââ¬â¢, an important focus of the novel. This can be seen in the tale of ââ¬ËCliffââ¬â¢s Holidayââ¬â¢, a well known rehearsed tale. Mr Macey, the apparent head of this specific social community, describes how a tailor, known as Cliff, had tried to ââ¬Ëride the tailorââ¬â¢ out of his son, attempting rising up the class system by making a gentleman out of his son. The story however ends with the son dying, and Cliff following him soon after. The story entails much superstition, mentioning ââ¬Ëold Harryââ¬â¢, a euphemism for the devil, suggesting this unnatural desire to climb the class system was responsible for the death of the boy. The villagers, opposite to Cliff, are in fact very accepting of what they have been given. They feel content with what God has given them. Their pre-occupation is not to rise out of poverty but to merely co-operate with each other in order to make it bearable. This is seen in Dollyââ¬â¢s clear desire to help anyone in need, or at least to do the best she can. None of the villagers seem to complain about their conditions. They support Silas and each other. Another example of this is in Aarons desire to help Silas later on in the novel with his garden. He has no qualms about working in his spare time, he sees it as simply a decent thing to do. These sentiments would largely be a result of his mother, Dolly, and the way she brought him up. The meetings in the Rainbow are an important aspect of the social nature of Raveloe. Like going to Church, it is a social function. This religious aspect of Raveloe is alien to Silas due to his origins of the non-conformist Lantern Yard. He knows nothing of churches, only chapels. This complete lack of knowledge somewhat isolates him from the community; he does not go to church. However Dolly, is adamant that Eppie shall be brought up in the Raveloe faith and at the same time, introduces Silas back into religion. Both the working class are present in such functions as well as the gentry. The gentry are represented by the Cass family. The squire sees himself above the other members of the community, only becoming involved with them at festive, social occasions, such as the new-year party at the Red House. They are differentiated from the poor and, unlike Dolly, Mr Macey or any other members of the lower class community, represent little more than themselves. The Cass family are one of the villagersââ¬â¢ topics of discussion. They perceptively see the faults of the upper class just as they see faults in the lower classes. They take a specific disliking to Dunstan, due to his lack of respect of anyone, especially those below him. Godfrey is also seen as weak, Mr Macey describing him as a ââ¬Ëslack baked pieââ¬â¢, commenting on his moral flaws. The primitive but nevertheless logical philosophy of, those who do well are rewarded while those who donââ¬â¢t suffer, is apparently proven in both cases. Dunstan ends up dying due his greed, while, although it is unknown to them, because of his rejection of Eppie, Godfrey is seemingly punished by Nancy being unable to conceive. Silasââ¬â¢ innocence on the other hand, is eventually rewarded. He is blessed with Eppie, who changes his life. These conclusions follow the villagerââ¬â¢s moral code, maintaining justice. Categorically speaking, the village has a variety of overall attributes and a predictable nature so therefore can be described as a character. Furthermore, being the main focus of the novel, we can go on to suggest it is the main character. We are more aware of the values and nature of Raveloe as a whole than any specific character ââ¬â even Silas. All the main events of the novel are shaped by the village. Each personality of each character represents a different aspect of the village as a whole. These individual characters amount to create one, main character which dictates the narrative and plot of the novel. Elliotââ¬â¢s concentration on her depictions of the village, indicate that she desired it to be the main focus. Obviously Silas is important, however, it is the events that unfold around him in Raveloe that really influence the direction of the novel. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-30949384124889287562020-01-09T04:46:00.001-08:002020-01-09T04:46:04.297-08:00Women Should Not Go Into Combat - 1404 Words This debate on whether women should be in military combat roles or not, has no in-between, one either believes women should go into combat or one believes women should not go into combat. The two extremes sides of this argument offer numerous reasoning as to why they stand with their beliefs but the reasons which make a valid argument are as follows. For the positive side which believes women should go into combat, say that this decision should be dependent on a personââ¬â¢s skills and abilities to perform under these condition rather than their gender identity. Aside from this, there have been many recent developments in warfare technologies which accommodate to females bodies and many of these women can meet the physical and mental standards that are required for combat fighting. Moreover, the negative side argues that women are not as physically or mentally capable when compared to men. Also that their weakness will have a significant impact on them as a person but as well as the military in general. Stating that there are no modifications in actual combat, where there can be in training settings. Those opposed to women in the military also mention that there is the possibility of sexual assault within the infantry teams. Emotional and Mental Stability With background information on the history and the constantly changing policies, you see that the debate over this issue leans towards the negative side, where women should not be in combat. Yet, with all thisShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women1270 Words à |à 6 PagesIn having two uncles who served in the Marines and a nephew who is now in the Marines, they talk about how women will act under pressure in combat. They still donââ¬â¢t think that women are capable. Assuming that their reasons are the same as everyone else in the military; their reason is that women physical strength is too weak to carry their male counterpart out of danger and their mental capacity to handle how gruesome war really is, as well as the woman hygiene and the hypothesis ââ¬Å"what if the femaleRead MoreWomen During The American Society Essay1309 Words à |à 6 Pagesdetermine how someone should act or think. 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Fast forward Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-16992926680673518382020-01-01T01:12:00.001-08:002020-01-01T01:12:04.437-08:00Personal Narrative An Open Letter - 1256 Words From Mormonism to Athesim An open letter: A Brief Intro/Background I would like to convey to you my recent shift in world view. That is to say that I recently came to realize and accept that I am an atheist. Let me be clear by what I intend to convey by identifying as such. I do not mean to say I am opposed to religion, or claim there is no God. I still identify very much with LDS culture and attend church regularly. Rather, I identify as an atheist as a way to convey that I seem to have lost Faith that there is a God. Over the last year I studied and pondered in great depth hoping to discover as best I could truth. Before I get there I want to be clear as to the perspective in which I am coming from. I was raised in an active and loving family in the LDS Church. My family is still very active, my father and my mother have served in leadership roles. They are both full of faith and charity and am grateful for their love and support throughout my life. I, myself have served in leadership roles in the church, both as a young man and as a missionary for the church. I served a 2 year mission in west Texas spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ as I understood it. I was married in an LDS temple to my wonderful wife. What I believed and my beliefs about God: Text: The LDS Faith has four books that make up canonized scripture. Bible, (King James Version) Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. 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In fact, even this experience varies greatly from one narrative to another. Two slave narratives which highlight this fact are Our Nig by Harriet E. Wilson and The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano. These two narratives demonstrate the ways that the perspectives in slave narratives can differ Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-72435352843824804222019-12-23T20:57:00.001-08:002019-12-23T20:57:04.549-08:00The World s First Carbon Neutral Nation Essay - 2224 Words Former President Mohamed Nasheed of the Maldives Islands once said, ââ¬Å"If we do not act now, my island nation will be submerged by the seaâ⬠. In his 2011 documentary, The Island President, President Nasheed voices his concern for the rapid impact of climate change on his country. The Maldives are beginning to face their future as sunken islands, and if nothing is done to prevent rapid sea level changes, the islands will face destruction. President Nasheed recognized this, but following a political coup dââ¬â¢Ã ©tat, on February 2, 2012, he was forced to resign and was replaced by President Abdulla Yameen. Unlike Nasheed, President Yameen lacks the sturdy political leadership that is necessary to fight climate change, and due to this, the Maldivian economy, society, and ecosystem will collapse. Mohamed Nasheed became President in October 2008 in the first free presidential election in the Maldives. He quickly became known worldwide for his efforts to help his country, broadcasting his hope for the Maldives to become the worldââ¬â¢s first carbon-neutral nation by the year 2020 (Gregerson). Furthermore, he passed numerous bills and programs related to climate change. Not only was Nasheed an advocate for his nationââ¬â¢s climate, but he also wanted to make an impact on the world, stating that, ââ¬Å"if we are unable to save countries like the Maldives, it may be too late to save the rest of the world from the apocalyptic effects of self-reinforcing, runaway global warmingâ⬠(Russell). To do this, heShow MoreRelatedPublic Agency Employees Should Remain Neutral And Apolitical During Agency Decision Making And Policy Implementation937 Words à |à 4 PagesAdministration 279 April 6, 2015 Global Climate Change: ââ¬Å"Public agency employees should remain value neutral and apolitical during agency decision making and policy implementation.â⬠As everyone knows global climate change and global warming is a big topic of debate when it comes to public policy nowadays. The question I will be answering that relates to the issue is, ââ¬Å"Public agency employees should remain value neutral and apolitical during agency decision making and policy implementation.â⬠To some people globalRead MoreHistory Of Wales Fresh Water Supply1366 Words à |à 6 Pagesnow that we have looked at where each of the country s get there fresh water from now to determine if the sources are sustainable. Wales fresh water supply is pretty sustainable the UK S weather is fed by the gulf stream. 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Introduction Everyday Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-20368128137016387502019-12-15T17:27:00.001-08:002019-12-15T17:27:05.741-08:00Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences Free Essays string(56) " of entertainment at the time of the Tamburlaine plays\." The Tamburlaine plays are two works written by Christopher Marlowe. In this essay I will discuss why the plays were so appealing to audiences in Marloweââ¬â¢s time and whether they are still as appealing to a modern audience and why. The character of Tamburlaine can be compared to some historical characters the most accurate being Timur the Lame, a historical ruler over most of central Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Richard Wilson compares him to Tsar Ivan IV, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, the 16th Century Emperor of Russia, whose tyrannical rule, may well be replayed in Tamburlaine. (pp.51, R. Wilson, 1996.) The first of the two Tamburlaine plays was performed in 1587, following Marloweââ¬â¢s graduation from Cambridge. The second was most probably written and performed later following the success of Tamburlaine Part 1 in the theatres. Some critics however believe that the two plays were written and performed together; ââ¬Ëin November 1587â⬠¦Philip Gawdy describes how in a piece recently presented by the Lord Admirals Men an actor, called onto fire a gun at one of his fellows tied to a stake, missed his aim killing a pregnant woman, a child and maiming others. This has often been taken to refer to Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s execution of the governor of Babylon in the final act of Part II, but the assumption cannot be verified.ââ¬â¢ (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Also ââ¬Ëin 1588 Robert Greeneâ⬠¦could allude to Marlowe ââ¬Ëdaring God out of heaven with the Atheist Tamburlanââ¬â¢, a far less ambiguous reference to the scene in which Tamburlaineâ⬠¦orders the destruction of the Koran and defiantly daring Mahomet to come down and punish his impiety.ââ¬â¢ (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Conversely it may be possible that in the eyes of a 16th Century audience, Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s actions would not be considered heretical because the Elizabethans knew Tamburlaine to be an infidel and would be not see the Quââ¬â¢ran as a Holy book compared to their own Bible. Had he burned the Bible the case would have been very different. The issues of holy texts were hotly debated during this time as in each English church there had now been placed a new English language bible, which was in many parishes regarded as an alien book. The emphasis on holy text would have resonance for an Elizabethan audience having suffered over the last 40 years the changes between English and Latin Bibles and the Catholic and Protestant religion. Tamburlaine often refers to God as Jove, the Roman divine ruler, but only when he is expressly defying God. ââ¬ËTamburlaine: The God of war resigns me to his room, Meaning to make me general of the world; Jove viewing me in arms looks pale and wan, Fearing my power should pull him from his throne.ââ¬â¢ (Act V, scene ii, line 388.) This quote shows Tamburlaine referring to God as Jove while believing he has the power to overthrow god, he says God fears him. This could show a certain awareness of the heretical nature of his deeds. He would rather refer to a God that he does not believe in than use the one he does. A part of him does fear God but Tamburlaine does not want to recognise it. To show fear is weakness. Weakness is not acceptable in a man in Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s position of power and his self-importance. Tamburlaine although essentially Muslim, seems to be indecisive in his religious beliefs. In the first play he refers extensively to the way of Mohammed or Mahomet as he is called in the text, then nearing the end of the second play he denounces him as ââ¬Ënot worthy of being worshippedââ¬â¢ and burns the Quââ¬â¢ran. This act which would cause uproar today especially to British Muslims, if not Muslims of all nationalities, would not have had the same effect on a sixteenth-century audience, in 1587 there were few if any British Muslims, they were thought of and referred to as infidels, ungodly and wicked. A recent production of Tamburlaine at the Barbican in London in 2005, directed and adapted by David Farr, censored this part of the text in order to not incite religious reprisals, ââ¬Ëkey referencesââ¬â¢ to Mohammed were also cut from the play especially from the book burning scene; ââ¬ËSimon Reade, artistic director of the Bristol Old Vic, said that if they had not altered the original it ââ¬Å"would have unnecessarily raised the hackles of a significant proportion of one of the worldââ¬â¢s great religionsâ⬠. The burning of the Koran was ââ¬Å"smoothed overâ⬠, he said, so that it became just the destruction of ââ¬Å"a load of booksâ⬠relating to any culture or religion. That made it more powerful, they claimed.ââ¬â¢ (D. Alberge, 2005) In my opinion the final sentence of this quote is inappropriate because I feel that the burning of the Quââ¬â¢ran is an incredibly important part of the play, without it being the Quââ¬â¢ran it completely changes what the scene means and how controversial it would be to modern audience. The Quââ¬â¢ran is a holy text, burning just ââ¬Ëa load of booksââ¬â¢ renders the scene completely unnecessary and irrelevant to the play and takes Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s death, completely out of context, if indeed his death is an act of God, for him burning the Quââ¬â¢ran, as many interpretations claim. Terry Hands the director of Tamburlaine by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 and Charles Nicholl, the author of The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe, opposed this censoring as did Inayat Bunglawala, the media secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain, who said ââ¬ËIn the context of a fictional play, I donââ¬â¢t think it will have offended many people.ââ¬â¢ Brit ain was a wholly and strongly Christian nation in 1587; no one would oppose the destruction of a book of another holy order, which they believed to be blasphemous. Violence and the disorder of war was part of contemporary Elizabethan England. Public execution and punishment in gruesome manners was a form of entertainment at the time of the Tamburlaine plays. You read "Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences?" in category "Papers" As was making an example of those executed, as Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s victims are hung on the city walls, many beheaded criminals had their head displayed on spikes to warn others. Many plays performed at this time used war or famous historic heroes of war as a basis for their storylines and often had what is to a modern eye grotesque and appalling episodes of violence. This is shown in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Titus Andronicus (1584), without doubt his most bloody play. ââ¬ËMarlowe achieved far greater fame and popularity than Shakespeare at the same point in their theatrical careers (both born 1564).ââ¬â¢ (pp.95, C. Breight, 1996) With the exception of Titus Andronicus Shakespeare did not really come into his own until the early 1590ââ¬â¢s and was not recognised as great playwright until his later life, whereas Marlowe was celebrated through his early life before he died at the age of 29. Marlowe was genius and his work was well known and widely performed by the time of his death. The language in much of Shakespearean text is very elaborate and although a sixteenth-century audience may have been able to understand it better than a modern audience, Marloweââ¬â¢s language is much more direct. This gives much more impact and ââ¬Ësays what it meansââ¬â¢ leaving the dramatic potential for the delivery. ââ¬ËTamburlaine: Your fearful minds are thick and misty then, For there sits Death, there sits imperious Death, Keeping his circuit buy the slicing edge. But I am glad you shall not see him there. He now is seated on my horsemenââ¬â¢s spears, And on their points his fleshless body feeds, Techelles, straight go charge a few of them To charge these dames, and show my servant Death Sitting in scarlet on their armà ¯Ã ¿Ã ½d spears.ââ¬â¢ (Act V, scene ii, line 47) This quote shows how Marlowe uses a straightforward and more direct form of language than Shakespeareââ¬â¢s and this is and was part of his appeal to contemporary and modern audiences. The aggressive and ego-centric speech is impossible to perform in a retiring and introverted manner and the stage presence of the actor is larger than life. In accordance with modern audiences, sixteenth-century audiences loved a character that they can hate, Tamburlaine can be compared to more modern comedic characters such as Flashheart in Blackadder and Jafar in Disneyââ¬â¢s Aladdin. These words and others in the play need to be performed to understand the full effect of what Tamburlaine is saying. He is teasing the virgins, he is making a joke out of the fact that they begged for mercy and he is still going to kill them. This ruthless and cruel nature is what makes Tamburlaine the man he is, it makes him such a loathsome character. Despite being a dislikeable character Tamburlaine is also a very passionate character, his determination and victory in all his conquests, his love for Zenocrate, his mercy shown in sparing her father after conquering Egypt almost make him a worthy role model for the 16th century man. ââ¬ËAudiences were not necessarily intended to understand Tamburlaine; such was his shock value and his capacity to break through the very fabric of society with his ceaseless conquests and unquenchable thirst for power. (novelguide.com, 2009)ââ¬â¢ This quote describes Tamburlaine as shocking character which he is; he is designed to shock and inspire an audience, his inspiration may not be as noticeable today in a less barbaric and more modern way of life, but to a 16th Century audience it would have been obvious, Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s enthusiasm for war was what England at the time wanted from its people for the impending war with Spain. He is a ruthless, power hungry, slaughterer who does not give the audience a chance to see how he would cope with defeat. Defeat is not an option for Tamburlaine, just as defeat was not an option for Queen Elizabeth I when she launched the fire ships against the Spanish Armada just a year later in 1588. Tamburlaine shows determination but it also shows him going too far, he forgets that heââ¬â¢s mortal and he is still down here on the ground. He is still subject to God, although he heretically believes himself to be more powerful. All Elizabethans knew that a strong sometimes even aggressive leader was essential for their safety in the 16th Century. Their experiences in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary Tudor both weaker monarchs in their capacities of leadership and war must have been unsettling and remembered by theatre goers. Strong dynamic leaders such as Henry VIII and the later Elizabeth I gave a sense of peace and safety to at least part of the nation although there were still dissidents. The appeal of Tamburlaine as play could be partly because people could discuss him and his activities without fear of being thought treasonable. His strength as leader would have been commendable. ââ¬ËA Prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.ââ¬â¢ This quote from Machiavelliââ¬â¢s The Prince was a European view on how a prince or other leader should be, it states how a person of a lower status can raise himself up from private to Prince as Tamburlaine has done from shepherd to King. It states that a princeââ¬â¢s sole study should be the art of war in his role as protector. Tamburlaine is a strong leader, his subjects are safe from any surrounding forces as shown in the way that Tamburlaine has fought off two advances from Callapine, the son of Bajazeth the former Turkish ruler whom Tamburlaine tortured and humiliated. His knowledge and performance in war is unmatchable. In conclusion the Tamburlaine plays would have appealed to a 16th century audience for a number of reasons. Mainly for the various ways in which the character of Tamburlaine presents himself, as villain but also as an inspiration, as a man who has become drunk with power, but also a strong leader who knows what he is doing on the battlefield. Tamburlaineââ¬â¢s self contradictions are endless. A 16th Century audience would have enjoyed the build up to ultimate power then the anti-climatic downfall of their ââ¬Ëheroââ¬â¢! How to cite Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences?, Papers Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-89636772588278387172019-12-07T14:11:00.001-08:002019-12-07T14:11:03.319-08:00New Testament Theology for King James Bible-myassignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about theNew Testament Theology for King James Bible. Answer: The Father judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son. The above quoted line from the Bible clearly indicates the nature of the interpretation which the individuals are to follow. The Bible therefore is being interpreted on the basis of the dictums provided by the Son of God, Jesus ("King James Bible".Universityheightspresbyterianchurch.Org). The Testament consists of various segments with the primary ones being the Synoptics and the Gospel of John ("New Testament Theology".Google Books). The Synoptics consists of the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke ("New Testament Theology".Google Books). They have been grouped together as the stories as well as the events which they narrate are almost similar to each other in content and narrative style. The Gospel of John, on the other hand, is often considered to be one of the main components of the four canonical gospels which form a part of the New Testament ("New Testament Theology".Google Books). The Gospel of John is a completely original work and the stories as well as the events narrated in the gospel are completely different form the ones narrated in the Synoptics. The Gospel of John is an anonymous work. However, the work is often attributed to John the Apostle, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. It is to be noted that both the Synoptics and the Gospel of John have been interpreted in various ways by the interpreters. It is to be noted that both the Synoptics as well as the Gospel of John try to preach the same message through the plethora of various diverse events and stories. The inherent message of the supremacy of God and the importance of living a good as well as moral life as per the precepts of the Christian principles has been portrayed by both the works. However, there are some inherent different differences between some of the events and content which both the gospels portray through various ways. The first difference between the two works is the way they represent the ministry of Jesus. The Synoptics states that the ministry of Jesus lasted for one year whereas the Gospel of John state that the ministry of Jesus lasted for three years ("Passion Narratives And Gospel Theologies".Google Books). The Synoptics talk about only journey to the holy city of Jerusalem whereas the Gospel of John talks about multiple journeys to the holy city of Jerusalem. The Synoptics states that John the Baptis t is Elijiah and insists on the doctrine of repentance ("Passion Narratives And Gospel Theologies".Google Books). However, the Gospel of John states that John the Baptist is not Elijiah and was a witness to Jesus ("The Gospel Of John".S3.Amazonaws.Com). The Gospel of John states that the ministry of Jesus overlaps with that of John whereas the Synoptics states that the ministry of Jesus begins after the arrest of John the Baptist. The Synoptics insist that the first four disciples of Jesus are two pair of brothers, namely, James and John and Simon and Andrew ("Passion Narratives And Gospel Theologies".Google Books). However, the Gospel of John, on the other hand, states that the first five disciples are Andrew, the name of the second one is anonymous, Simon Peter, Philip and Nathanael ("The Gospel Of John".S3.Amazonaws.Com). The Synoptics preaches values and virtues like Love thy neighbor, Love thy enemies, Love God ("Passion Narratives And Gospel Theologies".Google Books). The Gosp el of John, on the other hand, preaches the concept of Love one another ("The Gospel Of John".S3.Amazonaws.Com). The Synoptics consists of many miracles but includes very few long monologues or speeches. The Gospel of John, on the other hand, consists of very few miracles but includes many long monologues and speeches. Peter is considered to be the first as well as the most important of the Twelve Apostles. According to the Gospel of John, Martha of Bethany, Mary Magdalene and the Beloved Disciple are considered to be the most important disciples of Jesus ("The Gospel Of John".S3.Amazonaws.Com). These in short are some of the major differences between the Synoptics and the Gospel of John. Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that there are several similarities between the Synoptics and the Gospel of John. However, the differences between the two far outweigh the differences between the two gospels. It is to be noted that both the gospels more or less narrate the same events and incidents by the use of different techniques. However, the differences arise in the facts which they represent. It is here that the role of the interpreter becomes very important in this context. References "King James Bible".Universityheightspresbyterianchurch.Org. Last modified 2018. Accessed March 9, 2018. https://www.universityheightspresbyterianchurch.org/uploads/King_James_Bible_Ebook.pdf. "New Testament Theology".Google Books. Last modified 2018. Accessed March 9, 2018. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=e7xuufXUSo8Coi=fndpg=PR17dq=the+new+testamentots=c39zpW2D0qsig=MWy_DNZoD0qSQz-f3zSuFVjf9TA#v=onepageq=the%20new%20testamentf=false. "Passion Narratives And Gospel Theologies".Google Books. Last modified 2018. Accessed March 9, 2018. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=fKJKAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR11dq=Synopticsots=BpUzPPIDkUsig=2cIWCPC0mbFdCtLNIJCBn "The Gospel Of John".S3.Amazonaws.Com. Last modified 2018. Accessed March 9, 2018. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/37073495/Bultmanns_Commentary.Foreword.final_1.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1520590200Signature=5%2BpVfAfl%2FZr6mQ6pXF%2B9na1p1gs%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DForeword_to_The_Gospel_of_John_A_Commen.pdf. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-26482636254193296142019-11-30T01:53:00.001-08:002019-11-30T01:53:03.050-08:00Of Mice And Men Essays (489 words) - English-language Films Of Mice And Men George was in a state of shock after he had shot Lennie. All of the workers were suspicious of George and they were all talking about the incident when George went back home. Curley was very angry and he was looking to cause trouble as usual. Curley came up with a preposterous idea that George had planned to kill Lennie. He told all the workers that George was to have Lennie do all the work and then George would rake in all the pay. He said that Lennie didn't like it anymore and he threatened to tell on George. Curley said that George was just looking for a reason to shoot his friend. After George had told everyone of George's plan they were going to confront George. When they did, George threw a punch at Curley and a fight broke out between George and most of the workers. George got thrown to the ground and that's when Slim stepped in. Slim threatened to hurt every one of them if they didn't go away. The next day when George had awakened from his bloody beating, Slim had told George that Curley's father had canned the both of them. Slim and George were trying to figure out what they were going to do. George remembered that he told the old couple that he would take the farm. When he told Slim about the idea of the farm, Slim agreed and they tried to come up with the money. Between George, Slim, and Candy, they only had 500 dollars, which included what they had already sent to the old couple. They thought and thought of an idea to get another 100 dollars, but there was no possible way they could. They had all packed up and they were ready to be on their way. They began to walk out into the forest and to see what new obstacles they would have to overcome. George and Slim heard hooves off in the distance. All of the sudden they saw two men on horses in the distance. One of the men was white and the other was black. When they got near, George and Slim realized that it was Candy and Crooks! When they got off the horses, Crooks took out 100 dollars and handed it to George. They all were jumping and yelling with happiness. George looked up and yelled ?we finally did it, we finally did!? They made camp and the next day George mailed off the letter with the rest of the money. With the four men on horses they were on their way to their new life. They reached the farm a few days later to greet the old couple. They looked around and the place needed a fixing up, but to them the place was a dream farm. They realized that they had overcome their challenges and they were ready to start a new beginning. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-76758839514962087062019-11-25T23:10:00.001-08:002019-11-25T23:10:06.707-08:00Cults essaysCults essays Cult activity has been on the rise over the past few decades. With it there has been an increase in the fear surrounding it. From this fear, society has learned much about cults, how they get members and what to look out for as far as cult recruiters go. Society as a whole has also learned what can be done to deal with cults. Cult activity and the fear that surrounds it Throughout the last couple of decades more and more stories of illegal cult activity or murders by satanic cults appear on the news each night. This surge of reported cult activity has caused a spark in public interest. There has been a large increase in the fear that surrounds cults over the past couple of years. A cult is a therapeutic or unconventional religious movement (McBride, 1985, 22), and the more cults that fall beneath the public eye, the more serious the fear of cults becomes. Much of this fear has been sparked by major cult related incidents such as mass suicide by the Peoples Temple or the murder of Sharon Tate. These incidents, and incidents like them, grab the nations attention and create widespread panic. But as the nation reads about these stories in the paper, the same questions seem to surface. Questions like How does this happen? or What can we do to stop this from happening again? are often asked. The panic and fear of cult activity in our country seems to continue to grow with the more unbelievable stories that hit the news. The first big news event that was cult related occurred in 1969. Five dead bodies were found by the maid at 10050 Cielo Drive. Beautiful actress Sharon Tate who was pregnant at the time, and her friends Steven Earl Parent, Abigail Folger, Voytek Frykowski, and Jay Sebring were found butchered thoughout the residence (Bugliosi, 1974, 18). The murders themselves grasped the nations attention, but it was when the murderers and their motives surfac... Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-10147652611708106092019-11-22T06:33:00.001-08:002019-11-22T06:33:05.079-08:00Academic Goals Itââ¬â¢s opening night of ââ¬Å"17 Againâ⬠starring Zac Effron, who is every teenage girlââ¬â¢s dream boyfriend. Do I study for my big Spanish exam or go out with my friends to see Zac Effron? When I have a big choice involving my social life and my academic career, I pick the less appealing choice: stay home in the office and study. Freshman year my dad told something that will always stick with me: ââ¬Å"high school goes by very fast. Enjoy it while it lasts. Before you know it, you will be applying for college, then jobs.â⬠Donââ¬â¢t tell my dad, but he was right.High school went by so fast. I feel like yesterday I was losing sleep about what I was going to wear for the first day of freshman year.I have been involved in competitive ski racing for seven years. Being so competitive results in traveling and missing school, I have been very good with getting my homework in advance and getting it done on the car ride to Michigan, Colorado, or wherever the race take s me that weekend. My goal is to excel in school so I can be prepared for a job in the medical profession. In college, I hope to learn more about radiology and someday have a profession in the radiology field. Graduating from college would allow me to share my talents with the world and help people.Even though Zac Effron will never be my boyfriend, ââ¬Å"17 Againâ⬠will come out on DVD. My future depends on my academic career. Whether it is my teenage boy fantasy or a weekend of ski racing, school comes first. I will always have my parentsââ¬â¢ advice, love and support to thank for that. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-90754380334834736632019-11-20T21:08:00.001-08:002019-11-20T21:08:04.580-08:00How can cognitive behaviour therapy be modified to fit the needs of EssayHow can cognitive behaviour therapy be modified to fit the needs of young children - Essay Example The client works together with the therapist in developing skills relevant for recognizing ill full thoughts, testing adjusting beliefs, changing behavior, and how one relates with other people. Normally, many clients in need of cognitive therapy suffer from assumptions that direct them to certain reactions. Among the assumptions are the thoughts of unworthiness, under-estimation of achievements, over-generalization of issues, maximization of negative issues and minimization of positives. For example, person who would have lost their job due to an avoidable mistake might believe they are useless. Such persons may focus on the mistake that happened and use the mistake to justify their feeling of themselves. The believe leads the individuals to damaging emotions like frustration and hopelessness (Scaruffi, n.d., p1). Such persons see themselves as losers and thus start keeping to themselves in effort to avoid making similar mistakes in the future. A prolonged feeling of unworthiness adopts into a response that confirms the original feeling of being useless every time the person faces similar experiences. Cognitive therapy works at testing the assumptions the client had and co nsidering new information capable of shifting the assumptions to a direction that allows different behavioral or emotional reactions. The clients with the help of the therapist train how to use flexible ways of thinking and response to issues. The therapy challenges the clients to interrogate their thoughts on the truthfulness and the advantages of such thoughts to their goals. If a thought is found unhealthy, the therapy recommends it replacement with more helpful thoughts capable of facilitating more desirable responses and can aid achievements of the clientââ¬â¢s goals. Cognitive therapy therefore can be termed as a skill-building approach that allows the therapist to teach the client how to practice the skills learned individually until they become their own Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-43233842837577363212019-11-19T00:36:00.001-08:002019-11-19T00:36:04.904-08:00Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1Criminal Justice - Essay Example According to Jacob Wetterling Act, a state registration must require current address registration for a period of 10 years for persons convicted of a criminal offense against a victim who is a minor or a sexually violent Offense. A minor is a person below the age of 18 years. There are specific definitions in Washington which are used to identify how an offender victimizes a minor; kidnapping of a minor and false imprisonment (except the parent), sexual conduct with the minor, manipulating of a minor to engage in sexual conduct, use of a minor in sexual performance, solicitation of a minor to practice prostitution, and any conduct that its nature a sexual offense against a minor. In 1996, the Meganââ¬â¢s law according to Wetterling act provided a community notification on the sex offender registration and which brought about online sex offender registration websites. Adam Walsh child protection and safety act (2006) is the most recent federal law, which organized sex offenders int o a three-tier system with third tier registrants having the most rigorous registration requirements. The third tier requirements of sex offenders (RSOs) required the offenders to update or verify their information every three months and are registered in their lifetime. Failure to update information as required under this act one was to have committed a felony offense while a sexually violent offense is any criminal offense that consists of aggravated sexual abuse or an offense that has its elements engaged in physical contact with another person with the intention of committing such an offense. In Washington all juveniles who are sex offenders were required to register. But in other states the juveniles are required to register after attaining of 18 yrs or 21 yrs. Sex offender registration and notification helped to reduce the case of sex offenders recidivism by calling their attention through the sex offender websites, letters sent home with children, door to door notification an d also flyers. However the efficiency of this registration remains questionable with research to date indicating only nominal success. Also the registration facilitates the following; deterring offenders from committing future crimes; enhances enforcement of law and the protection of public rights. Adkins, G. Huff, D. & Stageberg, P. (2000) The Iowa sex offender registry and recidivism. Des Moines: Iowa Department of Human Rights Schram, D.D., & Milloy, C.D. (1995). Community notification: A study of offender characteristics and recidivism. Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Seattle, WA: Urban Policy Research. SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS Sex offenders are required to register upon release from confinement or when sentenced to community supervision. The department of correction or the sentencing court registers the offender upon release to probation and alerts the offender of the requirement to register locally. The local registering agencies occur at the local police department in the jurisdiction where an offender resides. In community supervision, the supervisor officer is required to maintain information for the duration of supervision because when the supervision ends the law enforcement is responsible for offenderââ¬â¢s registration information. Also the state registration law applies to offenders convicted in other States. According to the Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3585663140643767602.post-46265287353449034262019-11-16T13:08:00.001-08:002019-11-16T13:08:09.195-08:00How to Succeed in (or Flunk Out of) College Essay Example for Free How to Succeed in (or Flunk Out of) College Essay How to Succeed in (or flunk out of) College Everyone has hopes and dreams to succeed in college, but things donââ¬â¢t go as plan all the time. As a result it can cause you not reach your highest potential. Itââ¬â¢s hard for some to make the transition from High School to College because having complete freedom to do whatever you like can be a task within itself. For example deciding when and how long you stay in a particular class and things of that nature. So there is much more to explain and guide you along how to make the best of your college experience and also succeed in the classroom. So letââ¬â¢s begin. Being successful in college is harder than you think; first you have to figure out which school best suit you as a person and the career of your choice. Then you must set up certain classes that are in respectful time frame thatââ¬â¢s suitable for you and will help you attain your degree. Also you must learn where each class location around the college campus. Once you have achieved those tasks this is where the real work begins. Meaning preparing yourself for the long hours of studying and writing ten page term papers. In addition there are ways that you can fail in college also. For example, not being prepared for class and not being on time. Also not having your work done in the correct time frame it has to be done within. Also letting other things affect you meaning if you having problems with your roommates or partying too much and not making sure your studies are not taking care of before you do whatever that you want to do. In closing, there are plenty of ways to fail in college and plenty of ways to succeed also. Yes, you might be excited that you are able to come and go as you please but you also need to know when to have fun and when itââ¬â¢s time to hit those books and study. There is no step by step process because everyone is different and is able to do things that others may not be able to do. All things considered you can learn from people that been there and have been in your shoes and take the information that is giving you and used it in your own way. Ariadne Outlawhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02405392361116704675noreply@blogger.com0